Keine Chance auf Zugehörigkeit? Schulbücher europäischer Länder halten Islam und modernes Europa getrennt. Ergebnisse einer Studie des Georg-Eckert-Instituts für internationale Schulbuchforschung zu aktuellen Darstellungen von Islam und Muslimen in Schulbüchern europäischer Länder
Date
2011-08
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Georg-Eckert-Institut für Internationale Schulbuchforschung
Abstract
Heutige
Schulbücher
europäischer
Länder
halten
an
vereinfachenden
Darstellungen
des
Islam
fest
und
verstetigen
damit
die
Wahrnehmung
von
Musliminnen
und
Muslimen
als
(vorwiegend)
religiös
markiertem
Kollektiv
außereuropäischer
„Anderer“
–
dies
zeigt
eine
aktuelle
Analyse
des
Georg-Eckert-Instituts
für
internationale
Schulbuchforschung
in
Braunschweig. Die
untersuchten
Geschichts-
und
Politiklehrbücher
aus
Deutschland,
Österreich,
Frankreich,
Spanien
und
England
wecken
beziehungsweise
verstärken
mehrheitlich
den
Eindruck,
als
existierten
„der
Islam“
und
„ein
modernes
Europa“
als
sich
gegenseitig
ausschließende
und
in
sich
homogene
Einheiten
mit
konfrontativen
Berührungen,
jedoch
weitgehend
ohne
Überschneidungen
und
Ähnlichkeiten.
Grundlegend
für
diese
Perspektive
ist
die
mangelnde
Unterscheidung
zwischen
Islam
als
religiösem
Modell
und
muslimisch
geprägten
kulturellen
und
politischen
Praxen.
So
do
minieren
Essentialisierungen
einer
als
religiös
begründeten
Differenz
und
kollektive
Zuschreibungen
die
Thematisierung
von
Islam
und
Muslimen
in
heutigen
Geschichts-
und
Sozialkundebüchern
europäischer
Länder.
Insbesondere
die
Bewertung
„des
Islam“
als
antiquiertes
und
dennoch
bis
heute
alle
Lebensbereiche
von
Menschen
muslimischer
Religionszugehörigkeit
beherrschendes
Regelsystem
ist
häufig
anzutreffen.
Mangelnde
Differenzierung
und
die
Kollektivierung
von
Musliminnen
und
Muslimen
können
einer
Form
von
„kulturellem
Rassismus“
Vorschub
leisten,
der
die
religiöse
Differenz
als
unveränderlich
begreift.
Der
Fokus
des
polarisierenden
Unterscheidens
liegt
allerdings
nicht
vordringlich
in
der
Präsentation
von
Musliminnen
und
Muslimen
als
religiösen
Gegnern
in
gewaltsamen
Konflikten
–
zum
Beispiel
bei
Kreuzzugserzählungen
–
sondern
in
einer
Darstellung
von
Musliminnen
und
Muslimen
als
vormodernen
und
daher
zu
Europa
nicht
passfähigen
„Anderen".
Selbst
Geschichtsdarstellungen,
die
das
arabisch-
islamische
Mittelalter
würdigen
und
aufwerten,
bringen
diese
polare
Auffassung
nicht
ins
Wanken,
sondern
stützen
eine
Perspektive
gebrochener
kultureller
Entwicklung
im
Fall
muslimisch
geprägter
Gesellschaften.
Current textbooks in European countries continue to present a simplified depiction of Islam, thus contributing to the perpetuation of Muslims being perceived as a (predominantly) religious collective of non-European ‘others’; this is one of the findings of a new analysis carried out by the Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research in Braunschweig. The majority of history and politics textbooks from Germany, Austria, France, Spain and the United Kingdom that were examined during the study evoked or at least reinforced the impression that ‘Islam’ and ‘modern Europe’ were two mutually exclusive and homogenous entities, without overlap or similarity and whose only contact was confrontational. Fundamental to this perspective is the lack of distinction between Islam as a religious model and Muslim-influenced cultural and political practices. The topic of Islam and Muslims in current history and social studies textbooks in European countries is dominated by collective attributions and by the essentialisation of differences that are ascribed to religion. In particular, Islam was frequently adjudged to be an antiquated system of rules that still dominates all areas of life for those of Muslim religious affiliation. A lack of differentiation and the subsumation of all Muslims into one category can feed a form of ‘cultural racism’, which views religious differences as fixed and unalterable. The focus of polarising differences is not, however, predominantly the depiction of Muslims as religious opponents in violent conflicts – such as the crusades – but rather the portrayal of Muslims as premodern ‘others’ whose lifestyle is not compatible with that in Europe. Even historical descriptions, which dignify and value the Arabic and Islamic Middle Ages do not shake this concept of polar opposites, rather they support a perspective of fractured cultural development in predominantly Muslim societies.
Current textbooks in European countries continue to present a simplified depiction of Islam, thus contributing to the perpetuation of Muslims being perceived as a (predominantly) religious collective of non-European ‘others’; this is one of the findings of a new analysis carried out by the Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research in Braunschweig. The majority of history and politics textbooks from Germany, Austria, France, Spain and the United Kingdom that were examined during the study evoked or at least reinforced the impression that ‘Islam’ and ‘modern Europe’ were two mutually exclusive and homogenous entities, without overlap or similarity and whose only contact was confrontational. Fundamental to this perspective is the lack of distinction between Islam as a religious model and Muslim-influenced cultural and political practices. The topic of Islam and Muslims in current history and social studies textbooks in European countries is dominated by collective attributions and by the essentialisation of differences that are ascribed to religion. In particular, Islam was frequently adjudged to be an antiquated system of rules that still dominates all areas of life for those of Muslim religious affiliation. A lack of differentiation and the subsumation of all Muslims into one category can feed a form of ‘cultural racism’, which views religious differences as fixed and unalterable. The focus of polarising differences is not, however, predominantly the depiction of Muslims as religious opponents in violent conflicts – such as the crusades – but rather the portrayal of Muslims as premodern ‘others’ whose lifestyle is not compatible with that in Europe. Even historical descriptions, which dignify and value the Arabic and Islamic Middle Ages do not shake this concept of polar opposites, rather they support a perspective of fractured cultural development in predominantly Muslim societies.
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